A Matter of Life and Death and Singing is the latest exhibition to open at M HKA in Antwerp. With over 100 artworks included, it is the first comprehensive retrospective of Jimmie Durham鈥檚 work to date.
When reading about Jimmie Durham鈥檚 art, one word appears more frequently than any other: belief. Stating that he wants his work to be 鈥渋nvestigative, and therefore not 鈥榠mpressive鈥, not believable鈥, he insists that belief 鈥 in art, politics and dominant systems of thought 鈥 decimates our ability to think critically and limits the reach of meaningful, aesthetic experiences. Since the 1960s, when he began making art, Durham鈥檚 suspicion of belief and binary thought inspired him to conduct his own conversation with the world. Thus, through physical and intellectual experimentation, he has become one of the most significant artists of his generation:鈥卆n artist whose sculptures, installations, performances and video-works unsettle the meanings of objects and everyday social conventions.
Born in Arkansas in 1940 to Cherokee parents, he began making art without any real knowledge of what it was or what it could be: 鈥淚 was trying to make sense of something. I was trying to see if I could investigate certain things with objects, with doing things with materials. And I didn鈥檛 know that was an art project, it was just my own personal project.鈥 (Jimmie Durham, Phaidon, 1995) As seen in early works from the 1960s and 1970s (most of which are untitled), sculpture became a way of interacting with the world through making. Using his skills as a carpenter, Durham created carefully crafted objects that combined domestic materials such as leather, tin and nails with granite or sumptuous oak. Transmitting a quiet sense of beauty, these early experiments contrast strongly with well-known works such as Still Life with Stone and Car, an installation where the artist dropped a large rock onto a Ford Festiva at the 2004 Biennale of Sydney.
Whilst strikingly different in both scale and aesthetic, early works such as Untitled (1970) 鈥 an exquisite mahogany sculpture inlaid with marbles 鈥 have some significant commonalities with the work he has produced in more recent decades. Drawn to materials used to make tools, the artist has, over the years, maintained empathy with the instruments of making. Often incorporating materials such as wood, bone, feathers and, most prominently, stone, his early sculptures are the product of a playful negotiation with materials that has continued to characterise his work.
In recent decades, Durham鈥檚 contribution to contemporary art has been recognised by many leading galleries, museums and biennales. Following his inclusion in the now infamous exhibition Le Magiciens de la Terre (1989) at the Pompidou Centre, he exhibited at Documenta (9) in 1992, the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in 1993, and the 48th Venice Biennale in 1999. In the last decade alone, Durham has had three major retrospectives: From the West Pacific to the East Atlantic, shown at the Musee d鈥橝rt Contemporain in Marseille and the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague in 2003, and Rejected Stones at the Mus茅e d鈥橝rt Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 2009.
Following these two significant surveys, which focused on works made since Durham moved to Europe in 1994, a comprehensive retrospective has been organised by the Museum of Contemporary Art Antwerp (M HKA). A Matter of Life and Death and Singing curated by Bart De Baere and Anders Kreuger is now on show until mid-November this year. Unlike Durham鈥檚 previous retrospectives, the survey at M HKA spans all of his creative periods and is accompanied by a generously illustrated book that includes three new essays on the artist. Featuring more than 100 works, the exhibition provides a rare opportunity to view earlier pieces from Durham鈥檚 time in America alongside art he has produced in recent years. As the museum explains 鈥渢his exhibition looks exhaustively at his activities as an activist, essayist, poet, performance artist and sculptor and devotes plenty of attention to work from the 1960s and documentary material, neither of which has ever been seen in Europe before.鈥
The artist鈥檚 nomadic existence, which began at the age of 16 when he moved to Texas, must be considered when viewing this expansive retrospective. Moving from city to city 鈥 from Geneva to New York to Brussels 鈥 the artist鈥檚 peripatetic nature is reflected in the structure of the exhibition, however as Anders Kreuger, the show鈥檚 co-curator, suggests: 鈥淚t does not privilege his ethnic or cultural origins.鈥 Presenting 鈥渆nsembles of work that are not always chronologically organised鈥, A Matter of Life and Death and Singing is a tapestry of Durham鈥檚 oeuvre that focuses on the fact that some 鈥渋deas and images recur in different forms at different stages in his career.鈥 Kreuger continues: 鈥淭he exhibition is not divided into formally recognisable segments.鈥 Rather, it reveals certain interrelated themes, for example his fascination with dead animals, his critique of architecture and his ongoing use of stone as an artistic material.
Always imbued with a sense of humour and playfulness, Durham鈥檚 work incorporates stone in a variety of ways. Displayed as stone refrigerators, damaged vitrines (A Stone from Fran莽ois Villon鈥檚 House in Paris) (1996/2009) and crushed aircrafts (Encore Tranquillit茅 [Calm Again]) (2008), these works reflect his 鈥渟eriousness and wit, his aesthetic and political engagement.鈥 As Kreuger explains: 鈥淔or Jimmie Durham, there is an important distinction between when a stone is allowed to be just stone and when it is used as a tool.鈥 The difference, however, is 鈥渘ot always clear cut鈥. For example: 鈥淲hat happens when you throw a stone at something? You might argue that you use it as a tool, but you may also argue that what you do is that you release the stone into its own element; you allow it to become just stone.鈥 Articulated in different ways in different works, Durham鈥檚 interaction with stone undercuts the classical tradition of sculpture and challenges our conventional associations with inanimate materials. Indeed, 鈥渢he idea of the strict difference between something that is alive and something that is not, something animate and something inanimate, is not applicable to Jimmie Durham鈥檚 work in general.鈥
In other works, where the artist portrays animals or humans, Kreuger states: 鈥淚t is quite difficult to tell if the animal is alive or dead, if the human being portrayed is historical or contemporary.鈥 As in Jesus, a detail from an installation presented at Documenta 9 in 1992, Durham鈥檚 embrace of paradox and contradiction can be seen in his variegated use of colour and materials. A figurative sculpture 鈥渂ased on the image of a human face which is divided in two鈥 one 鈥渄elicately sculpted in tropical wood鈥 and one which 鈥渓ooks as if it has been smeared with clay鈥 鈥 Jesus shows Durham鈥檚 鈥渄ifferent approaches to sculpture that are very prominent from the works in the 1980s and 1990s.鈥 Rather than being 鈥渇ine tuned鈥, Durham鈥檚 work from this period is 鈥渁lways a little bit rough鈥 and haphazard, yet this seems to 鈥渕ake the work more meaningful.鈥 Whilst Durham鈥檚 work is grounded in intellectual and political enquiry, his affinity with the formal properties of objects ensures that his output is accessible and visually rich. With a wit reminiscent of Duchamp, he 鈥渦ses all the components of what is today called visual art: the object, the image, the word, the action鈥 to confront the friction between Western supremacy and marginalised or indigenous cultures.
As seen in Bedia鈥檚 Muffler (1985) and Bedia鈥檚 Stirring Wheel (1985), where a car鈥檚 steering wheel is adorned with hides and animal trophies, identity politics loom large in Durham鈥檚 earlier work. A Native American working in a predominantly European context, the artist is aware that his background and cultural conditioning have informed his trajectory. In addition to this, despite his long-standing empathy with certain materials, Durham has always resisted the development of an easily identifiable style. Paradoxically, and perhaps strangely, when an aspect of his work becomes charming or recurrently pleasing, he is inclined to try something new.
The most significant example of this tendency was seen in the late 1990s when the artist gradually moved away from the style of bricolage. As a result, it seems that over the course of the last two decades, his proclivity to create multi-faceted constellations of objects has been gradually replaced by a desire for intervention and visual immediacy. Turning his gaze towards European architecture and its relationship with the power of the state, Durham鈥檚 large-scale works from recent years play with notions of power, politics and metaphor. Often alluding to politically charged structures 鈥 as in Arc de Triomphe for Personal Use (Yellow) (2007) 鈥 these compelling works have been subject to much curatorial attention and consolidated the significance his work today. Dealing 鈥渨ith the power of architecture, architecture as a metaphor and architecture as an expression of the power of the state鈥, they reveal Durham鈥檚 aversion to the 鈥渟tatue鈥 and notions of monumentality.
鈥淏oth 鈥榦f the moment鈥 and outside of all current trends鈥, Durham is a figure who continues to capture people鈥檚 hearts and imaginations. As Kreuger explains, 鈥渉is work appeals to younger viewers and writers鈥 who admire his inexhaustible desire to challenge the world through making. In full awareness of the realities and inequalities of power, Durham manages to transmit a sense of possibility and humour in art that does not take itself too seriously. Perfectly surmised by Anne Ellegood in Artforum in January 2009: 鈥淗e asks us to consider the history of oppression, the futility of violence, and the powerlessness of our positions in the world, but allows us to contemplate these dour realities while keeping smiles on our faces. And because of this, his work is inherently hopeful.鈥
Given Durham鈥檚 resistance to categories and classifications, it seems inappropriate (if not impossible) to affiliate him with certain moments in the history of art. Whilst impressed by the work of many artists 鈥 Jean-Michel Basquiat, Joseph Beuys and Marcel Duchamp, for example 鈥 a recognition of his personality and energy is perhaps more important than directly comparing his works to other artists鈥 creations.
An individual in the truest sense, the sense of playfulness that pervades his work seems as important as its more serious, intellectual objectives. In this sense, it is perhaps possible to compare Durham to contemporary artists who use wit and humour to expose and destabilise the problems of present-day society. Think of Grayson Perry, and his perspicacious insights into the banalities of contemporary culture, as seen in The Tomb of the Unknown Craftsman (2011), recently displayed at the British Museum. Perry鈥檚 multi-faceted practice 鈥 incorporating sculpture, tapestry, drawing and critical writing-uses humour as a tool to educate and liberate his audience. Alternatively, we could think of someone like Spartacus Chetwynd: an artist whose carnivalesque performances and sculptural installations are based on significant moments in cultural history. Nominated for the Turner Prize this year, Chetwynd鈥檚 wonderful sense of humour ensures that the profundity of her work is accessible to people from all walks of life.
Whilst in formal terms their works are decidedly different to Durham鈥檚, there is something unquestionably truthful about the way Perry and Chetwynd see and interact with the world. Profoundly critical, yet somehow inherently positive, their work has an unrestrained quality that breeds feelings of hope, enjoyment and possibility. Similarly, as Laura Mulvey suggests in Jimmie Durham (Phaidon, 1993): 鈥淒urham鈥檚 sculptures manifest an almost hedonistic pleasure in their materials and a confidence in their potential to evoke meaning.鈥
As a former political activist, it is perhaps unsurprising that Durham sees art as a liberating and inherently positive practice. As reflected in A Matter of Life and Death and Singing, Kreuger asserts: 鈥淭he artist鈥檚 uncompromising commitment to what he calls humanity鈥檚 thinking process is more radical than one might initially assume.鈥 Disguised by his unassuming choice of materials and relentless sense of wit, he asks us to challenge the veracity of everything around us. Nothing, he seems to say, is a given, and nothing is set in stone.
A Matter of Life and Death and Singing is showing at the Museum of Contemporary Art Antwerp (M HKA) until 18 November. Please visit their website for further details .
Emma Cummins
